Dose–LET Interactions Predict Capsular Contracture after Proton Postmastectomy Radiation Therapy
Abstract
Purpose
Pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy provides highly conformal dose distributions that are increasingly leveraged for postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) to reduce cardiopulmonary exposure. However, implant-based reconstruction in the setting of PMRT remains vulnerable to capsular contracture, and biological mechanisms of possible high linear energy transfer (LET) in PBS have not been well characterized. This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of dose and dose-averaged linear-energy-transfer (LETd) on capsular contracture after proton PMRT and to derive clinically interpretable dose–LET volume constraints (DLVCs).
Methods
A retrospective case-control study was conducted on consecutive breast cancer patients who underwent mastectomy followed by implant-based reconstruction and proton PMRT (50 Gy[RBE=1.1] in 25 fractions) between 2015 and 2021. Dose-LET volume histograms (DLVHs) were calculated for peri-implant tissue (5-mm shell around the implant). Generalized linear mixed-effects regression (GLMER) was employed to identify DLVH indices significantly associated with capsular contracture. Spearman correlation analysis was used to eliminate redundance. DLVCs were derived from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and validated using support vector machine (SVM)-based normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) model.
Results
Eight capsular contracture and 16 matched controls patients were analyzed. Three independent DLVH indices were significantly associated with capsular contracture (p 96.98%. The SVM-based NTCP model achieved an area under the ROC curve (AUROC) of 0.867, with 91.7% accuracy, 87.5% sensitivity, and 93.8% specificity.
Conclusion
Capsular contracture following proton PMRT is significantly associated with the synergistic interplay between dose and LETd in peri-implant tissue. The derived DLVCs provide actionable dosimetric constraints that can be integrated into treatment planning to minimize capsular contracture risk in breast cancer patients undergoing proton PMRT with implant-based reconstruction.